Your guide to Parkinson's disease

1. Who is at risk of developing Parkinson’s disease?

Currently, Parkinson’s disease affects 130 out of 100,000 people worldwide, with the most important risk factor being age. From around the age of 50, the likelihood of developing the illness steadily increases. But it’s not unusual for younger people to also start showing symptoms, with approximately a quarter of the affected population being diagnosed before the age of 65. It is also slightly more common in men.

If you have a family history of Parkinson’s disease – particularly in a parent or sibling – your risk of developing the condition may increase by 2%, compared to someone who doesn’t have a first-degree relative with it. With a few genes identified as being more closely linked to the onset of the disease, there are still many medical professionals who believe that genetic factors are thought to play a part in around the minority of cases (around 10 – 15%). 

A number of environmental factors have also been identified as risk factors. These include exposure to pesticides and air pollution, as well as living in urban areas. Regular exposure to metals including lead and manganese may have an impact, as well as hydrocarbons and solvents. You may also be more prone to developing Parkinson’s if you have reduced Vitamin D levels. So, if you live in a place with reduced levels of sunlight (like the UK), it’s worth taking supplements. If you are overweight, have diabetes or have been diagnosed with cancer, there is also a known link with Parkinson’s, though interestingly, and remarkably, there seems to be lower risk in people who smoke. 

2. What are the early signs of Parkinson’s disease?

The early signs of Parkinson’s disease can be broken down into motor symptoms, that is those that are movement-related, and non-motor symptoms.

One of the most common motor symptoms that you may notice is a tremor. The tremor is usually seen in the shoulders or upper arms, usually when at rest. There may also be increased slowness of movement. This can be quite subtle at first and may present itself by you noticing that your handwriting has become smaller or has changed in another way. You might find it harder to do fine motor skills tasks, such as doing up or undoing buttons, or using zips. Some patients may also develop pain, which often goes unexplained for some time before a diagnosis is confirmed.

There are some other recognised early Parkinson’s symptoms that can emerge before there is any tremor or difficulty with routine tasks. You may find yourself experiencing insomnia, or other issues with sleep such as restless leg syndrome, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder, whereby you may try and act out dreams by making movements or noises. Other symptoms can also include the loss of sense of smell, and even unexplained constipation.

Later as the disease develops, you or a loved one may experience difficulty with walking. This may be accompanied by imbalance or a tendency to fall, which can develop in more advanced Parkinson’s cases. There can also be a change in the tone and sound of your voice, which may become softer, and ultimately harder to hear. 

If you or a friend or family member have concerns about any of these, it’s always a good idea to get these checked out than worry in silence. 

3. What is the prognosis for Parkinson’s disease?

As a progressive neurological condition, Parkinson’s disease can impact quality of life and may reduce a person’s life expectancy. However, the progression rate of the disease varies from person to person, and can be managed effectively through medications, lifestyle changes, rehabilitation, and in some cases, surgery. 

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) focuses first and foremost on improving symptoms, so you can enjoy life and doing the things you love. Medication can be a good first step, and a drug called levodopa, has become a key treatment in the field, and is highly effective in controlling Parkinson’s symptoms by raising dopamine levels in the brain. Other medications, like dopamine agonists or amantadine may also reduce symptoms. Surgery, like deep brain stimulation, is generally reserved for those who have exhausted their medication options.

It is important that Parkinson’s disease is diagnosed properly early on, and an effective treatment plan put in place. Equally important is that the treatment is reviewed regularly by a clinician experienced in Parkinson’s disease management, as adjustments will be needed with disease progression.

Keeping active and staying informed

Living with Parkinson’s disease presents unique challenges, but it is entirely possible to lead a fulfilling life with the right support in place. Embracing a “whole picture” approach that includes regular exercise, talking therapy, medications, and a balanced diet, can significantly improve quality of life and responsiveness to treatments. Engaging with suitable healthcare professionals and experts in the field can also make a tremendous difference, as well as meeting other patients living with the disease in support groups. Staying aware of the latest technological advancement, medical and surgical options will empower you to have important conversations and be informed to tailor your treatments that will suit you as you see fit. 

For more information on Parkinson’s disease, our treatments and our experts, click here.